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Ernst Simmel (; 4 April 1882, Breslau – 11 November 1947, Los Angeles) was a German-Jewish neurologist and psychoanalyst. ==Life== Born in Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia to a secular Jewish background, Simmel moved to Berlin as a child.〔Veronika Fuechtner, 'Berlin Soulscapes: Alfred Döblin talks to Ernst Simmel', ch. 1 of ''Berlin Psychoanalytic: Psychoanalysis and Culture in Weimar Republic Germany and Beyond'', University of California Press, 2011, pp.28-31〕 He studied medicine and psychiatry in Berlin and Rostock. He graduated in medicine in 1908, with a dissertation on dementia praecox. In 1910 he married Alice Seckelson.〔Ludger M. Hermanns, 'Ernst Simmel', ''International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis'', Gale, 2005. (Reprinted online ) by answers.com.〕 In 1913 he helped found the Society of Socialist Physicians (VSÄ), and became one of the pioneers of Social Medicine. During World War I he headed a hospital for psychiatric casualties of war in Posen; self-taught in psychoanalysis, he introduced the use of psychodynamic categories there.〔 His pioneering work on the treatment of war neurosis with psychoanalytic methods drew him to the attention of Sigmund Freud,〔Peter Gay, ''Freud: A Life for Our Time'' (1989) p. 376〕 who would build explicitly on his work in ''Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego'' (1921).〔Sigmund Freud, ''Civilization, Society and Religion'' (PFL 12) p. 124〕 After the war, Simmel received a training analysis with Karl Abraham — another leading analyst who rated the serious young physician very highly〔Elizabeth Ann Danto, ''Freud's Free Clinics'' (2007) p. 51〕 — and himself provided the writer Alfred Döblin with training analysis.〔 Simmel helped Abraham and Max Eitingon found the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute in 1920, the world's first psychoanalytic clinic providing free analytic help for indigent patients: between 1920 and 1930, 1,955 consultations took place there, 721 resulting in some form of psychoanalysis.〔Peter Gay, ''Freud: A Life for Our Time'' (1989) p. 462〕 Simmel had played a model role in the institution by insisting from the start on confidentiality and equal treatment for non-paying as for paying analysands.〔Danto, p. 97〕 Simmel was President of the Society of Socialist Physicians from 1924 to 1933, and President of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society from 1926 to 1930. In 1927 he founded a sanatorium at Tegel Palace in Tegel, which lasted until bankruptcy forced the sanitorium to close in 1931. Freud was his guest there during several visits to Berlin, and the sanatorium for five years played an innovative role in new clinical developments.〔Danto, p. 185〕 In 1929 he married his second wife, Hertha Brüggemann.〔 Emigrating to the United States to escape Hitler in 1934, he was briefly at the Topeka Psychoanalytic Institute before settling in Los Angeles.〔Peck, John S., 'Ernst Simmel: psychoanalytic pioneering in California', in F. Alexander, S. Eisenstein, M. Grotjahn (eds.), ''Psychoanalytic pioneers'', New York: Basic Books, 1966.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ernst Simmel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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